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Republic of Kazakhstan
President: Nursultan A. Nazarbayev (1990)
Prime Minister: Nurlan Balgimbayev (1997)
Area: 1,049,000 sq. mi. (2,717,300 sq. km)
Population (1999 est.): 16,824,825; average annual rate of natural increase: 0.68%; birth rate: 17.2/1000; infant mortality rate, 58.8/1000; density per sq. mi.: 16
Capital (1995 est.): Astana, 280,200 (capital since 1997)
Largest cities (1991): Almaty (former capital), 1,200,000; Karaganda, 608,600; Shymkent, 438,000; Ust-Kamenogorsk, 332,900; Taraz, 312,300; Aqmola, 287,000; Aqtöbe, 266,600
Monetary unit: Tenge
Languages: Kazak (Qazaq), official language spoken by over 40% of population; Russian, official language spoken by two-thirds of population and used in everyday business
Ethnicity/race: Kazak (Qazaq) 46%, Russian 34.7%, Ukrainian 4.9%, German 3.1%, Uzbek 2.3%, Tatar 1.9%, other 7.1% (1996)
Religions: Muslim, 47%; Russian Orthodox 44%, Protestant 2%, other 7%
Literacy rate: 98%
Economic summary: GDP/PPP (1998 est.): $52.9 billion; $3,100 per capita. Real growth rate: –2.5%. Inflation: 10%. Unemployment: 13.7%. Labor force: 8.8 million (1997); industry 27%; agriculture and forestry, 23%; other, 50% (1996). Industries: oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, iron and steel, nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials; much of industrial capacity is shut down and/or is in need of repair. Agriculture: grain (mostly spring wheat), cotton; wool, livestock. Exports: $6.3 billion (1998 est.): oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain, wool, meat, coal. Imports: $7.4 billion (1998 est.): machinery and parts, industrial materials, oil and gas, consumer goods. Trading partners: Russia, U.K., Ukraine, Uzbekistan, the Netherlands, China, Italy, Germany, Turkey, South Korea.
