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Turkmenistan
President-for-life: Saparmurad A. Niyazov (1990)
Area: 188,500 sq. mi. (488,100 sq. km)
Population (1999 est.): 4,366,383 (average annual rate of natural increase: 1.71%); birth rate: 25.9/1000; infant mortality rate: 73.1/1000; density per sq. mi.: 23
Capital and largest city (1994 est.): Ashgabat, 518,000
Other large cities: Chardzhou, 166,400; Tashauz, 117,000
Monetary unit: Manat
Languages: Turkmen, 72%; Russian, 12%; Uzbek, 9%
Ethnicity/race (1995): Turkmen 77%, Uzbek 9.2%, Russian 6.7%, Kazak 2%, other 5.1%
Religions: Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2%
Literacy rate: 98%
Economic summary: GDP/PPP (1996 est.): $12.5 billion; $3,000 per capita. Real growth rate: –0.3%. Inflation: 992%. Unemployment: n.a. Arable land: 3%. Labor force: 2.34 million (1996); agriculture and forestry, 44%; industry and construction, 19%; other, 37% (1996). Industry: natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing. Agriculture: cotton, grain, livestock. Exports: $1.7 billion to outside former U.S.S.R. countries (1996): natural gas, petroleum products, electricity, chemicals, cotton, textiles, carpets. Imports: $1.5 billion from outside the former U.S.S.R. countries (1996): machinery and parts, plastics and rubber, consumer durables, textiles, grain, foodstuffs. Major trading partners: C.I.S. countries, Russia, eastern European countries, Turkey, Argentina.
