The Continental Congress left no record to show why it chose the colors. However, in 1782, the Congress of the Confederation chose these same colors for the Great Seal of the United States and listed their meaning as follows: white to mean purity and innocence, red for valor and hardiness, and blue for vigilance, perseverance, and justice. According to legend, George Washington interpreted the elements of the flag this way: the stars were taken from the sky, the red from the British colors, and the white stripes signified the secession from the home country. However, there is no official designation or meaning for the colors of the flag.

The United States Flag

The basic flag of the US is one of the world's oldest national flags. Only the basic flags of Austria, Denmark, Great Britain, The Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland are older.

During the discovery and settlement of what is now the United States, the flags of various European nations were flown over the land, as symbols of possession. Later, in the Colonial and Revolutionary War periods, flags representing famous persons, places, and events were flown in the American Colonies.

The first official flag of the United States was created by Congress on June 14, 1777. It consisted of 13 alternate red and white stripes and 13 white stars in a field of blue, representing the 13 colonies that had declared their independence in 1776. Congress adopted a new flag of 15 stars and 15 stripes in 1795, to give representation to the two new states admitted into the Union, Vermont and Kentucky.

By 1817, there were 20 states in the Union, and it became apparent that adding one stripe for each new state would destroy the shape of the flag. As a result, Congress in 1818 restored the original design of 13 stripes and provided that each state was to be represented by one star.

In 1912 President William H. Taft made the first official provision for the arrangement of the stars. He ordered that there be six even rows of eight stars each. Previously the arrangement of the stars had been left to the flagmaker's fancy.

Many Changes in the Stars and Stripes

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The evolution of the Stars and Stripes reflects the growth of the United States. After the admission of Hawaii into the Union in 1959, the flag was officially changed for the 26th time since its creation.

There are many government flags flown in the United States in addition to the national flag. Among them are the president's and vice-president' s flags and those of the federal departments and some federal agencies. Each state in the Union has an official flag. The United States Navy uses special flags for signaling.

FLAG TRADITIONS

Many traditions have grown up regarding the display and use of the United States flag. These traditions, intended as marks of respect, are widely observed. The Army, Navy, and Air Force have their own regulations, but these do not apply outside the armed services. To supply a guide for the proper use and display of the flag, a code was drawn up at a National Flag Conference, held in Washington, D.C., on June 14 and 15, 1923. This was revised by the Second National Flag Conference, held on May 15, 1924. Finally, in June 1942, Congress adopted a resolution (amended in 1942, 1945, 1953, and 1954) that made the flag code a law.

The Flag Code

1. The flag should be flown only from sunrise to sunset. Upon special occasions, however, it may be displayed at night to produce a patriotic effect. (The flag is flown day and night, in accordance with presidential proclamation or Congressional authorization, at Fort McHenry National Monument and Flag House Square, both in Baltimore, Md.; the Marine Corps Monument, Arlington, Va.; and the town green in Lexington, Mass.) There are other places where the flag is flown day and night according to local custom. Until 1968 the United States flag flew day and night over Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima where it had been raised by Marines during World War II. When the island was returned to Japanese administration, the cloth flag was replaced by a bronze replica.

2. The flag should be displayed on all days when the weather permits, particularly on national and state holidays and on historic and special occasions.

3. The flag should be displayed in or near every polling place on election days.

4. The flag should be displayed during school days in or near every schoolhouse.

5. The flag should always be hoisted briskly and lowered slowly and ceremoniously.

6. When carried in a procession with other flags, the flag of the United States should be either on the marching right--that is, its own right--or in front of the center of the line of flags.

7. When displayed with another flag against a wall from crossed staffs, the flag of the United States should be on the right (its own right) and its staff should be in front of the staff of the other flag.

8. When a number of flags are grouped and displayed from staffs, the flag of the United States should be at the highest point or at the center or the first flag at the right of the center.

9. When flags of states or cities or pennants of societies are flown on the same halyard with the flag of the United States, the national flag should always be at the peak. When the flags are flown from adjacent staffs, the United States flag should be hoisted first and lowered last. No flag or pennant should be placed above or to the right of it.

10. When flags of two or more nations are displayed, they should fly from separate staffs of the same height and the flags should be approximately equal in size. (International usage forbids the display of the flag of one nation above that of another nation in time of peace.)

11. When the flag is displayed from a staff projecting horizontally or at an angle from the windowsill, balcony, or front of a building, the union, or field of stars, should be at the peak of the staff unless the flag is at half-staff. When it is to be suspended over a sidewalk from a rope extending from a house to a pole at the edge of the sidewalk, the flag should be hoisted out, union first, from the building.

12. When the flag is displayed in a manner other than by being flown from a staff, it should be displayed flat, whether indoors or outdoors, or so suspended that its folds fall free as if it were staffed. When displayed against a wall, the union should be uppermost and to the flag's own right (observer's left). When displayed in a window, the union should be to the left of the observer in the street.

13. When displayed over the middle of the street, as between buildings, the flag should be suspended vertically with the union to the north in an east-and-west street or to the east in a north-and-south street.

14. On a speaker's platform the flag, if used flat, should be placed above and behind the speaker. It should never be used to cover the speaker's desk or draped over the front of the platform. If flown from a staff, it should be on the speaker's right.

15. The flag should be displayed at the unveiling of a statue or a monument, but it should not be used as a covering. Blue, white, and red bunting may be used as a drapery.

16. When flown at half-staff, the flag is hoisted to the peak for an instant, then lowered to the half-staff position (half the distance between the top and bottom of the staff). Before the flag is lowered for the day, it is raised again to the top. For some local conditions the flag may be flown at approximately half-staff. On Memorial Day (May 30), the flag is displayed at half-staff until noon and at full staff from noon until sunset. Half-staff honors the heroic dead; full staff shows that the nation lives, for the flag is the symbol of the living nation.

Presidential proclamations set forth the following instructions as to when and for how long the United States flag should fly at half-staff: for 30 days from the day of death of the president or a former president of the United States; for 10 days on the death of the vice-president, the chief justice or a retired chief justice of the Supreme Court, or the speaker of the House of Representatives; from the day of death until burial of an associate justice of the Supreme Court, a member of the Cabinet, a former vice-president, the president pro tempore of the Senate, the majority and minority leaders of the Senate, or the majority and minority leaders of the House; on the day of death and the next day for a senator, representative, territorial delegate, or resident commissioner--within the District of Columbia and until burial within the state, territory, or commonwealth concerned.

17. Flags flown from fixed staffs are placed at half-staff to indicate mourning. Only by the order of the president may crepe streamers be affixed to flagstaffs or spearheads in a parade.

18. When used to cover a casket, the flag should be placed so that the union is at the head and over the left shoulder. The flag should not be lowered into the grave or be allowed to touch the ground. The casket should be carried foot first.

19. When displayed from a staff in a church or public auditorium, the flag of the United States of America should hold the position of honor at the speaker's right as he or she faces the congregation or audience. Any other flag so displayed should be placed on the left of the speaker or to the right of the audience.

20. When a flag is no longer fit for display, it should be destroyed in a dignified way, preferably by burning. A flag may be washed or dry-cleaned.

Cautions Listed in Flag Code

1. Do not permit disrespect to be shown to the flag of the United States of America.

2. Do not dip the flag to any person or thing. The regimental color, state flag, organization flag, or institutional flag will render this honor.

3. Do not display the flag with the union down except as a signal of dire distress.

4. Do not place any other flag or pennant above or to the right of the flag. (The only exceptions are: at the United Nations headquarters, in New York City, the United Nations flag flies above all others; the Navy church pennant flies above the flag during church services.)

5. Do not let the flag touch anything beneath it.

6. Do not place on or above the flag, or place on any part of it, or attach to it any object or emblem of any kind or any mark, insignia, word, letter, figure, design, picture, or drawing.

7. Do not use the flag as drapery in any form whatever, but always allow it to fall free.

8. Do not display or store the flag in such a way as will permit it to be easily torn or soiled.

9. Do not drape the flag over the hood, top, sides, or back of a vehicle, train, or boat.

10. Do not display the flag on a float in a parade except from a staff or as follows: (a) flat or (b) so suspended that its folds fall free.

11. Do not use the flag as a covering for a ceiling.

12. Do not carry the flag flat or horizontally but always, as in a parade, aloft and free.

13. Do not use the flag as any portion of a costume or athletic uniform. Do not embroider it or print it upon anything that is intended for discard.

14. Do not use the flag in any form of advertising.

15. Do not use the flag to hold or carry anything.

The president is empowered to alter any rule or custom pertaining to the use and display of the flag.

Proper Use of Bunting

Bunting of the national colors should be used for covering a speaker's desk, for draping over the front of a platform, and for decoration in general. Bunting should be arranged with the blue above, the white in the middle, and the red below.
 

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Salute to the Flag

When the flag is passing in a parade or review or is being hoisted or lowered, all persons should face the flag, stand at attention, and salute. Those in uniform should render the military salute. Men not in uniform should remove the hat with the right hand and hold the hat at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Men without hats and women should place the right hand over the heart. Aliens should stand at attention. A viewer should salute the flag in a parade at the moment it passes him.

When the national anthem is played and the flag is not displayed, all present should stand and face toward the music. Those in uniform should salute at the first note and retain this position until the last note. All others should stand at attention, the men removing their hats. When the flag is displayed, all should face it and give the appropriate salute.

Pledge to the Flag

The pledge of allegiance to the flag was first published in 1892 in Boston, Mass. Authorship was claimed for James B. Upham and Francis Bellamy. In 1939 the United States Flag Association ruled that Bellamy was the author of the original pledge.

In pledging allegiance to the flag, stand with the right hand over the heart or at attention. Men remove their headdress. Persons in uniform give the military salute. All pledge together:

I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States
of America and to the Republic for which it stands,
one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and
justice for all.

STATE FLAGS

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

District of Columbia*

Flags of Discovery and Settlement

Spanish. When Columbus discovered America in 1492, he carried the banner of Castile and León. This flag represented Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. Other explorers who carried the Spanish flag to America included Juan Ponce de León and Hernando de Soto. After 1785 the historic red and yellow striped flag of Spain was flown briefly over Florida and the Louisiana Territory.

French. Fleurs-de-lis on a white field was one of many flags carried to America by early French explorers and settlers. Other flags were a plain white banner and a blue flag decorated with three gold fleurs-de-lis. A fourth French emblem, the tricolor, was flying over the Mississippi Valley at the time of the Louisiana Purchase. This is the present national flag of France.

English. This British Union flag (1606-1801) was carried by the Jamestown settlers (1607) and the Pilgrims of the Mayflower (1620). This old British Union was flown in the American Colonies until the Revolution. Many of the early English explorers and settlers in the New World also carried the red cross of St. George on a white field.

Dutch. When Henry Hudson sailed the Half Moon into New York Harbor in 1609, he flew the orange, white, and blue flag of the Netherlands. The letters " V.O.C." were the initials of "Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie"--the United East India Company. In 1621 the letters were changed to "G.W.C.," the initials of "Geoctroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie"--the Dutch West India Company. About 1650 red replaced orange as the color of the top stripe. The flag disappeared from the New World in 1664, when the Dutch lost their New Netherland settlement to the English.

Swedish. The flag carried by the Swedish colonists who settled along the Delaware River in 1638 consisted of a yellow cross on a blue field. In 1655 the flag was lowered when the Dutch took over the settlement.

Colonial and Revolutionary Flags

During the Colonial and Revolutionary War periods a variety of flags were flown. Few of these flags have been preserved, and there is no official documentation concerning many of them. In painting scenes of historic events, artists have imagined how some of the flags of the time looked. The traditional Continental and Bunker Hill flags are examples. Knowledge of some flags comes from descriptions by persons who claimed to have seen them. The following historic flags have been preserved or there is official documentation concerning them.

Andros. Created 1686. Used as colors for military forces in New England. Edmund Andros was governor of all New England at the time. The flag had a purple cross with a gold crown and the monogram J R, for the Latin Jacobus Rex (King James).

New England. In use 1686-1707. It bore the red cross of St. George in the canton with the New England pine tree in the upper left corner.

Bedford. Made as early as 1660. Minutemen from Bedford, Mass., carried this 2 1/2-foot-square flag at the battle of Concord, April 19, 1775, but not at Lexington. An arm and sword are thrust out from a cloud. Three round gray spots represent cannonballs. The scroll reads "Vince aut Morire" (Conquer or Die).

Hanover Associators. First flown 1774. This flag was adopted by volunteers of the Hanover Associators of Hanover, Pa., June 4, 1774. The red banner emblazoned with a ready rifleman and the charge "Liberty or Death" symbolized their defiance against the unjust laws of Great Britain.

Taunton. First raised Oct. 21, 1774, at Taunton, Mass. The flag was the British Red Ensign of that time, with the addition of the American watchwords "Liberty and Union."

Culpeper. In use 1775. Culpeper County, Va., was a Revolutionary War center, and its minutemen flew this banner. The rattlesnake device occurs on several Revolutionary War flags. The rattlesnake's eye, brighter than any other creature's and with no eyelids, is the symbol of vigilance. The snake never begins an attack, but once aroused it never surrenders. The deadly bite of the rattlesnake was probably also considered. The snake was also portrayed with 13 rattles, symbolic of the 13 American colonies.

Markoe. First used 1775. This flag was designed by Capt. Abram Markoe for the Philadelphia Light Horse Troop, later called the First Troop of Philadelphia City Cavalry. It is believed to have been the first American flag to contain 13 stripes, symbolic of the colonies. It was made of yellow silk with silver fringe. In the canton were 13 alternate blue and silver stripes, and in the center of the flag was an elaborate coat of arms.

Hopkins. Hoisted 1776-78. This was the personal rank flag of the first naval commander in chief, Commodore Esek Hopkins, and was one of the many rattlesnake flags used at this time. Colonel Christopher Gadsden of South Carolina, taken by this flag, presented a copy to his state legislature. Hence, it is frequently, but incorrectly, known as the Gadsden flag.

First Navy Jack. First used 1775. This flag was used on one of the ships commanded by Commo. Esek Hopkins during an engagement in the Bahamas in 1776. At the same time the Continental Colors became the Navy ensign (see "Continental Colors" below).

Washington's Cruisers. In use 1775-76. The six cruisers of Gen. George Washington's Revolutionary War Navy flew this flag. It was flying on the Lee when the ship captured the English brig Nancy with its precious cargo of ammunition, Nov. 29, 1775. The Lady Washington surrendered the pine-tree emblem, when it was captured by the Fowey, Dec. 7, 1775. An adaptation of this flag became the Massachusetts Navy flag in April 1776.

Fort Moultrie. In use 1776. This flag flew above Fort Moultrie (then Fort Sullivan) in Charleston Harbor during the famous battle of June 28, 1776. Early in the attack, the flag fell outside the parapet. Sergeant William Jasper leaped after it under a rain of bullets, crying, "Don't let us fight without a flag." He replaced it amid cheers. After a ten-hour attack, the British forces withdrew. The fort's name was changed to honor the defender, Col. William Moultrie. The first Moultrie flag (designed 1775) contained a crescent and the word Liberty on a blue field. The original Moultrie flag was so popular that it later became the basis for the South Carolina state flag. That flag substituted a palmetto tree for "Liberty."

Rhode Island. In use 1776. Colonists carried this flag at the battles of Trenton, Brandywine, and Yorktown. It is preserved in the State House at Providence. Thirteen stars form the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew.

Green Mountain Boys. First used 1777. Ethan Allen and his band of Green Mountain patriots of Vermont carried this banner in the battle that led to the capture of Fort Ticonderoga in New York.

Eutaw. Made in 1780. This crimson square flew at Cowpens and at the final battle of the Revolution at Eutaw Springs in 1781. It was the battle flag of the cavalry of Col. William Washington, George Washington's distant cousin. It was presented to him by his fiancée, Miss Jane Elliott of South Carolina, who cut the emblem from the back of a drawing-room chair.

Guilford. First used 1781. The lack of specific regulations concerning the design of the American flag as authorized by Congress in 1777 resulted in many versions. North Carolina militiamen reportedly carried this flag at the battle of Guilford Courthouse, March 15, 1781. It is about three times as long as it is wide. The flag has seven blue and six red stripes. Against the white ground of the union are 13 eight-pointed stars.

Flags of the 1800s

Russian-American Company, Alaska. The Russian-American Company in Alaska was formed in 1799. The flag flew from trading posts until 1861, when Alaska reverted to direct rule by the Russian government.

Oliver Perry. At the battle of Lake Erie, Sept. 10, 1813, Oliver Hazard Perry, in command of a new fleet, unfurled a new flag. It bore the stirring words "Don't Give Up the Ship," spoken by Capt. James Lawrence when he was mortally wounded in the battle between the Chesapeake and the Shannon, June 1, 1813.

Alamo. When Texas was fighting for independence from Mexico, this flag was flown over the Alamo, the historic mission fortress at San Antonio. On March 6, 1836, the Mexicans captured the fortress. "Remember the Alamo" became the Texans ' rallying cry. The date on the flag refers to the Mexican constitution adopted in 1824.

Texas Navy. President David Burnet of Texas adopted this naval flag April 9, 1836. It was approved Dec. 10, 1836, at the first session of the Texas congress. On Dec. 10, 1836, the Texas congress also adopted a national flag for the republic which bore a gold star centered in a blue field. On Jan. 25, 1839, both flags were replaced by a new emblem which later became the state flag.

California Republic. When American settlers in California organized the California Republic June 14, 1846, they adopted this flag. The flag was replaced by the Stars and Stripes July 9, 1846. The California state flag is an adaptation of the California Republic flag.

Bonnie Blue. In 1861 Harry McCarthy, an Irish comedian, sang his song `Bonnie Blue Flag' in New Orleans. His sister carried a blue flag with a white star to honor the Texans present. The song was enthusiastically received, and it became popular throughout the South. The flag was used until the Confederacy adopted its own flag.

Confederate Battle Flag. During the battle of Bull Run (Manassas), July 21, 1861, soldiers had difficulty distinguishing between Confederate and Union flags. As a result, Southern soldiers began carrying this battle flag. Although it was never officially adopted, many Confederate soldiers never saw any other flag. It was officially made with a white border on all four sides. The Confederacy used three other flags .

Evolution of The Stars and Stripes

Continental Colors. In use 1775. On July 4, 1776, this flag became the first national flag of the United States. John Paul Jones is believed to have hoisted this flag in 1775 as the Navy ensign when Commo. Esek Hopkins assumed command of the new Navy . An English spy reported that one of Commodore Hopkins' ships was flying "English colours, but more striped." This flag was also hoisted on Prospect Hill, near Cambridge, Mass., on Jan. 1, 1776, as the flag of the Continental Army. The basis of the design is uncertain. Never officially adopted, the flag was replaced by the emblem described in the Continental Congress resolution of June 14, 1777.

Flag of June 14, 1777. This was the first official Stars and Stripes. Although the design of the Stars and Stripes may have been used before its adoption by Congress on June 14, 1777, there is no official record to indicate its earlier use, as shown in some paintings, notably Emanuel Leutze's `Washington Crossing the Delaware' of 1851 painted 75 years after the event. Congress did not direct a specific arrangement of the 13 stars. The sponsor of this first national flag law is unknown, though the resolution is believed to have originated in the Marine Committee. The flag served until May 1, 1795 (see "Fort McHenry" below).

Bennington. This flag was probably flown at the battle of Bennington, Aug. 16, 1777, when about 1,600 Green Mountain Boys under Gen. John Stark wiped out the British forces, contributing to the later defeat of Gen. John Burgoyne at Saratoga, N.Y.

Third Maryland Regiment. In use 1781. At the battle of Cowpens, S.C., Jan. 17, 1781, the Third Maryland Regiment carried this flag. It had the 13 stars and stripes as prescribed by Congress in 1777. The Marylanders, however, chose to arrange the stars in a circle of 12 with one in the center. This is believed to be one of the few Stars and Stripes used by ground troops until the Mexican War.

Fort McHenry. The flag that flew over Fort McHenry in 1814 inspired Francis Scott Key to write `The Star-Spangled Banner'. Authorized by Congress in 1795, it was still in use despite the fact that there were then 18 states in the Union. It remained unchanged until 1818 (see July 4, 1818, below). Except in bad weather, the American flag flies day and night at Key's grave, in Mount Olivet Cemetery, Frederick, Md., and at his birthplace, Keymar, Md.

July 4, 1818. With the adoption of this flag by a law passed April 4, 1818, the flag began to assume its present appearance. Some favored adding a stripe for each new state, but Congress restored the 13 stripes and ordered the addition of one star for each new state, to take effect the 4th day of July succeeding the admission of the state.

1859-61. At the beginning of the Civil War the 33-star flag represented the United States. The 34-star flag became official July 4, 1861, signifying the admission of Kansas into the Union. Two more states (West Virginia and Nevada) were added before the war's end bringing the total to 36 states. At no time during the Civil War was the American flag changed to reflect the secession of states from the Union. From 1867 to 1896, 9 more states were admitted into the Union and 9 more stars were added to the flag.

1908-12. The 46-star flag became official July 4, 1908, reflecting Oklahoma's admission in 1907.

1912-59. When New Mexico and Arizona were admitted into the Union in 1912, the American flag was designed to include 48 stars. This flag represented the nation for the longest period of time--47 years.

1959-60. The 49-star flag reflected the admission of Alaska into the Union. It was the official United States flag for only one year, July 4, 1959, to July 4, 1960. On Aug. 21, 1959, Hawaii became the 50th state. On this same date, an executive order authorized the new 50-star American flag. It became official July 4, 1960.

EMBLEMS OF THE UNITED STATES

The Stars and Stripes--"Old Glory." On June 14, 1777, Congress authorized the stars and stripes design for the American flag. Whether Betsy Ross suggested the design approved by Congress is not known (see Ross, Betsy ). Thirteen stripes appeared in several Revolutionary War flags made before the flag committee of 1777 began its work. No one knows who suggested these stripes in the earlier flags; however, the stripes and general design of the flag are similar to British flags then in use.

The flag as accepted in 1777 had 13 stripes and 13 stars, but in 1795 it was given 15 stripes and 15 stars to honor the admission of Vermont and Kentucky to the Union. By 1817 it needed 5 more stripes and stars. No change was made until July 4, 1818, however, when Congress restored the 13 stripes, authorized 20 stars, and ordered a star added to the flag for every new state admitted into the Union. The name "Old Glory" is believed to have been given the flag by Capt. William Driver, commanding the brig Charles Doggett, in 1824.

The proper legal dimensions of the flag were prescribed by an executive order of President William H. Taft, Oct. 29, 1912, as follows: Hoist (height) of flag, 1 (unit). Fly (length) of flag, 1.9. Hoist of canton, or union (blue field), 7/13. Fly of canton, 0.76. Width of each stripe, 1/13. Diameter of each star, 0.0616.

President. Adopted Oct. 25, 1945 (modified July 4, 1960). Before 1916 various flags represented the president. On May 29, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson approved a design that included the presidential coat of arms on a blue field with a white star in each of the four corners. The flag was changed to its present design by President Harry S. Truman's executive order of Oct. 25, 1945. The president's personal seal appears on a blue field surrounded by a circle of stars (the last added in 1960) representing the states. Within the circle an American eagle turns its head toward the right (dexter) talon, which holds the olive branch of peace. The left (sinister) talon holds the 13 arrows of war. In the beak is a white scroll inscribed "E Pluribus Unum."

Vice-President. Adopted Oct. 7, 1975. Proposed by Vice-President Nelson A. Rockefeller, it has a more majestic bird, with wings uplifted, than the 1948 flag it replaced. The first vice-president's flag, designed in 1936, was simply the president's flag with colors reversed.

Great Seal of the United States. On June 20, 1782, the Continental Congress adopted its seal from several designs combined into one by Charles Thomson, secretary of Congress, and William Barton, an adviser. In 1789 Congress authorized it as the seal of the United States. It is used on proclamations, treaties, and commissions of officials. Both sides of the seal appear on one-dollar bills. The eagle bears a shield without support, signifying that the United States should rely on its own virtues. The olive branch and arrows in the talons refer to the power of peace and war held by Congress. The scroll "E Pluribus Unum" (One Out of Many), the 6 red and 7 white stripes (joined by a blue chief on the shield), and the constellation of 13 stars all represent a new nation of 13 states. The original description of the Great Seal suggested the following color symbolism: white--purity and innocence; red--hardiness and valor; and blue--vigilance, perseverance, and justice. On the reverse side a pyramid denotes strength. The motto "Novus Ordo Seclorum" (A New Order of the Ages) and the date MDCCLXXVI (1776) stand for the Declaration of Independence. An eye and the words "Annuit Coeptis" (He Has Favored Our Undertaking) refer to the favor of Providence.

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Army. Adopted 1956. The blue design is the seal of the Army Department (and old War Department). The date "1775" denotes the year of the Army's founding.

Secretary of the Army. Adopted 1897. This flag was designed for the secretary of war. In 1947 it was taken over by the secretary of the Army.

Navy. Adopted 1959. In the center of this dark blue flag is a modified portion of the seal of the Navy Department. It is enclosed in a circle of yellow rope.

Secretary of the Navy. Adopted 1866. This flag was abolished in 1870 but it was restored in 1876. In the time between these years the United States Jack was used.

Air Force. Adopted 1951. This flag is based on the Air Force seal--a brown bald eagle; 13 stars for the original colonies; and a shield with thunderbolt and lightning.

Secretary of the Air Force. Adopted 1951. The flag bears the eagle and shield of the Air Force seal in the center and a white star in each corner.

Marine Corps. This standard was adopted as the "regimental flag" in 1938. The flag was redesignated as the corps standard in 1940.

Coast Guard. The present form was adopted in 1954. This was the third change made since the ensign was adopted in 1799. The ensign's 16 stripes represent the 16 states in 1799. Without the badge on the seventh red stripe, this flag represents the United States Customs Service.

United States Jack. This was at first a flag with 13 white stars. The number of stars increased as new stars were added to the canton of the United States flag. This small flag is most commonly flown by government vessels when anchored. This flag may also be flown by officers of the diplomatic corps and by governors of island possessions, while they are on board ship. It is hoisted from the jack staff (at the bow) from morning to evening colors. Yacht Ensign. Introduced in 1848. It is used by private yachts to allow them to proceed from port to port in the United States without stopping at each customhouse. The flag was soon adopted by all pleasure craft, but after 1968 its use was again limited to specially registered yachts. Yacht clubs also have their distinguishing pennants, and in some cases there are pennants for officers. Individual yacht owners usually have their own private flags or pennants. Public Health Service. Quarantine flag adopted 1894. The fouled anchor and caduceus (Mercury's staff) device represents the service's original function of providing care for merchant seamen. The same badge in white on a blue field stands for the surgeon general of the Public Health Service. Consular Flag. First used in 1903, it is the Diplomatic Corps auto flag. With a large white "C" added in the circle of stars, it is the consular boat flag, used on vessels having ambassadors or heads of executive departments aboard.

Famous Firsts of the Stars and Stripes

The first official flag of the United States was established by Congress on June 14, 1777. Many conflicting claims have been made for the first displays of this flag. The following is a list of first displays most commonly accepted for the flag established by Congress.

On a ship at sea. Nov. 1, 1777. The Ranger, commanded by John Paul Jones, sailing from Portsmouth, N.H.
In combat at sea. November 1777. En route to Nantes, the Ranger, under John Paul Jones, captured two brigantines and sent them into French ports as prizes.
In ground combat. Aug. 16, 1777. At the battle of Bennington (Vt.). This was the so-called Bennington flag. The flag of the Third Maryland Regiment at the battle of Cowpens (S.C.), Jan. 17, 1781, reflected more accurately the terms of the flag law of June 14, 1777.
Around the world. Sept. 30, 1787, to Aug. 10, 1790. Carried by the Columbia, which sailed from Boston.
Over a schoolhouse. May 1812. At Colrain, Mass.
On the moon. July 20, 1969. Planted in the Mare Tranquillitatis by Apollo 11 astronauts.
FIRST FOREIGN RECOGNITION
Feb. 14, 1778. A salute of nine guns from the French fleet in answer to a salute of 13 guns given by John Paul Jones as he entered Quiberon Bay near Brest, France.
April 24, 1778. John Paul Jones compelled a British man-of-war to strike its flag to the American flag.
FIRST FLAG DAYS
June 14, 1861. First observed, at Hartford, Conn.
June 14, 1893. Celebrated in public schools for the first time, at Philadelphia.
Aug. 3, 1949. President Truman approved a resolution designating June 14 annually as national Flag Day.